This rings a bell; I remember. As you say it is complex. And something else to consider is that a spouse can use up all the other partners tax over here. This is particularly advantageous if one partner doesn’t work. In the U.K. this would be like having double your tax free alliance and higher...
I’ve seen lots of German comparisons and most always fail to include health insurance and/or the solidarity tax. Both a separate taxes and given health insurance is a legal requirement even the private opt-out option is a tax. Im confident the majority of Brits living in Germany will tell you...
1) Yes you have to have health insurance.
3) If you have job then your health insurance will be taken out at source; think of this as like UK NI. You and your employer pay a fixed percentage which I believe is the same for everyone.
4) I believe if you are unemployed your health insurance...
You’ll have to be specific here because I don’t understand your question. The vast majority is controlled, priced and run by the state and the landers and over a 100 controlled not-for-profit “insurance” companies.
I’m not sure of your point here. In absolute and pure terms nothing in the UK is a free market. But I think it’s fair to say most people will view certain less restricted areas of the UK’s economy as “free.”
The whole thing needs a rethink and needs properly costing and then funding. This latter point will mean higher NI though. In fact Id actually have a separate health NI payment.